Sunday, January 01, 2012
Yet another 365.2421897 days around the sun
I wasn't sure how many New Year entries I've done, and I was rather surprised to find that I've managed to post on the first of January every year except for 2001 and 2002. And far be it from me to stop that tradition this year.
Last night our crazy neighbor was at it again. I wasn't about to view the show up close, but the trajectories of the fireworks meant we had a decent view from the screened in back porch (and the roof at Chez Boca is tile, so live embers weren't an issue).
And much like in 2008, I present (via Bunny) this video to celebrate our lack of snow.
Oh, and …
HAPPY NEW YEAR!
Monday, January 02, 2012
The next pie is going to be expensive …
To help ring in the New Year, Bunny and I are enjoying some Buddy's Pizza, which I think is the last of the Detroit pizza we bought on the way home (yes, that was two months ago—the pizza has been in deep freeze since, and it's still just as good).
Update on Tuesday, January 3rd, 2012
Turns out, it wasn't the last pie …
Home Video Commentaries
Via Michael Duff are a few home videos with commentary. It's quite funny if you watch DVD commentaries on a regular basis, as the two brothers in question critique the home video as a “film” and not as some boring home videos.
Tuesday, January 03, 2012
The next pie isn't going to be that expensive …
I was just informed that we do, in fact, have another Buddy's pizza in the deep freeze.
In other news, I'm now writing blog entries that could very well fit on Twitter. I need to rectify that.
Tomorrow.
Wednesday, January 04, 2012
An annoying attack
It looks like today is “Attack Day.” I run a program to show the
output from syslog in real time (it's part of my syslogintr
project) and (like right as I type this) I'm seeing a slew of bogus DNS queries:
security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied security: info: client 46.234.117.251#25345: query (cache) 'isc.org/ANY/IN' denied
And not just from that IP address either—so far 87 different IPs have been sending bogus requests to my DNS server. I would also like to find the program that does this, as every single request has come from the same port. Different IP address, sure, but the source port is always the same.
I'm also seriously tempted to write a program to send back a nice, custom
response to these, in the hopes that the program actually cares about the
response. The obvious thing to do is send back a response that contains an
infinitely long domain name—it's not hard to do, just the right two bytes
in the right location and you have an infinitely long name to parse (this is
exploiting the DNS message
compression scheme—spcdns has code to
protect against this, by the way). Or maybe not an infinitely long domain
name, but an insanely long one (again, easy to do by exploiting the message
compression scheme, and again, spcdns has protection against
this attack as well).
Perhaps better would be to return an answer to a question that was never
asked to begin with. “Oh, you want any record for isc.org?
Here, have the LOC record for
nsa.gov. Have a nice day.” Or perhaps just echo back the
original packet and really confuse the sending program.
But in doing some searching, this appears to be an old denial of service
attack against Internet
Systems Consortium (the makers of bind, quite possibly the
most widely used DNS server)
and as such, any bogus reponses would probably not do anything to the
attacking software, which probably ignores any replies anyway.
Update on Wednesday, January 5th, 2012
A denial of service attack
As we continue with “Attack Day,” there was a brief denial of service attack at The Ft. Lauderdale Office today.
![[You had cake and didn't invite me?]](/2012/01/04/denial-of-service.jpg "Yes, Edvard, we didn't invite you")
Poor Edvard, being denied cake like that.
Thursday, January 05, 2012
An anoying attack, Part II
I'm also seriously tempted to write a program to send back a nice, custom response to these, in the hopes that the program actually cares about the response.
An annoying attack - The Boston Diaries - Captain Napalm
Yeah, about that …
I've done a bit more research and apparently my server is part of a DNS amplification attack, where some
machine (or machines) somewhere on the Inernet is sending my server (along
with possibly other DNS servers) a
forged DNS request, in the hopes
that my DNS server will do the
requested DNS lookup and return the
result (in this case, any DNS record
for isc.org, which is known for returning rather large DNS resonses) in the hopes of denying
service to the forged IP address.
And even though my server won't do the actual DNS request, it still returns a packet saying as much, so even though my server is not sending a large packet, it is returning a packet, and thus participating the the DDoS attack, however little.
So even if I did send back a bogus response, it wouldn't be directed at the guilty party.
Sigh.
So I guess the thing to do is just filter those requests at the firewall.
Friday, January 06, 2012
Jews, in Tehran? Really?
“Don't Tell My Mother I'm in Iran” is an interesting look into Iran and shows me (in my opinion) that it's not necessarily Iran that's bad, but the Iranian government (I suppose one could say the same of us—we're not bad, but our government is certainly questionable).
It's also hard to fathom there being twenty-five (25!) synagogues in Tehran. Who'da thunk?
Saturday, January 07, 2012
Reason to hate PHP #3-Running PHP-core dumped to preserve sanity
I'm going through the backlog of links I wanted to talk about when I come across this lovely PHPism:
elseif, as its name suggests, is a combination of if and else. Like else, it extends an if statement to execute a different statement in case the original if expression evaluates to
FALSE. However, unlike else, it will execute that alternative expression only if the elseif conditional expression evaluates toTRUE. …There may be several elseifs within the same if statement. The first elseif expression (if any) that evaluates to
TRUEwould be executed. In PHP, you can also write 'else if' (in two words) and the behavior would be identical to the one of 'elseif' (in a single word). The syntactic meaning is slightly different (if you're familiar with C, this is the same behavior) but the bottom line is that both would result in exactly the same behavior.The elseif statement is only executed if the preceding if expression and any preceding elseif expressions evaluated to
FALSE, and the current elseif expression evaluated toTRUE.Note: Note that elseif and else if will only be considered exactly the same when using curly brackets as in the above example. When using a colon to define your if/elseif conditions, you must not separate else if into two words, or PHP will fail with a parse error.
So what this insane bit of verbiage is saying, is that “elseif” and “else if” are the same, except when they're not, which has to do with using either braces to separate code, or colons (which I'm not familiar with syntax wise in PHP). In effect, PHP supports both “elseif” and “else if” but with slightly different subtle semantics that could trip you up if you aren't careful.
Please, pick one, or the other, but not both! Sheesh!
An interesting take on applications
The great horizontal killer applications are actually just fancy data structures.
Spreadsheets are not just tools for doing “what-if” analysis. They provide a specific data structure: a table. Most Excel users never enter a formula. They use Excel when they need a table. The gridlines are the most important feature of Excel, not recalc.
Word processors are not just tools for writing books, reports, and letters. They provide a specific data structure: lines of text which automatically wrap and split into pages.
PowerPoint is not just a tool for making boring meetings. It provides a specific data structure: an array of full-screen images.
Via Spin the Cat, How Trello is different - Joel on Software
In the past, I've given Smirk grief over his use of Excel to make what I called “glorified text files,” but I see he's not alone in using Excel for tracking lists. In fact, I suspect that if the entire calculating engine of Excel were excised, not many people outside the financial realm would even notice (and the financial system would probably be better off too).
So it looks like Joel has a point—spread sheets provide a type of data structure, and people use it as such. Looks like I'll have to cut Smirk some slack now. Sigh.
Sunday, January 08, 2012
Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!
Even though today is the birthday of such luminaries as Elvis Presley and David Bowie, we must not neglect that today is also the day of the birth of the Supreme Commander of the cleanest race on the planet, the Sagacious Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Kim Jong Un! Why he even bothers to grace this planet with his presence is just one more mysterious thing about him (personally, I hope he's not as batXXXX crazy as his father, but I don't have high hopes)
“One does not simply walk into a Linux kernel upgrade!”
I normally don't upgrade software unless there's a compelling reason for me to do so, and there are a few compelling reasons for me to upgrade the Linux kernel. It's not features that I can't live without (for I'm doing so right now) but there are some features, like signal and timer delivery via file descriptors, that have intrigued me enough to contemplate it.
Okay, in the late 90s I used to fairly regularly build custom Linux
kernels for my various computers. But that was in the
2.0–2.1 days, when 2.0.x was
the “stable” version, and 2.1.x was the “development”
version. These days, it's all development versions with the random
version, like 2.6.9 or 2.6.20, given the moniker
of “stable,” just because.
But really, how hard could it be?
Okay, I downloaded 3.1.8 (3.1? Already? I
thought 3.0 was just
released!), but it requires a later version of GCC than I
have. Okay, so I need a new version of GCC. Which probably requires the
latest binutils.
And because of new system calls since Linux 2.6.9 (which I'm
running), I need to upgrade glibc, and while I'm at it, a
few utilties like ps and lsof and …
Really? Is it this complicated? [Sean goes off, reads the Linux From Scratch Book and runs away screaming. Yup, it's that complicated. —Editor].
Monday, January 09, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 1: The Standard
For Christmas, Hoade gave me 99 Ways To Tell A Story: Excercises in Style, an interesting book whereby the same story (an eight panel cartoon about a guy walking to the refrigerator and forgetting what he was going to look for) ninety-nine different ways; a different style, a different genre, different number of panels, whatever. Ninety-nine different ways.
It got me to thinking. While the book was about different ways to present a story, what about programming? Okay, other than sounding completely insane, could a program be written ninety-nine different ways?
An easy way is a different computer language for each version. Sure, there's CPL, BCPL, B, C (four variations there—K&R, C89, C99, C11), C++ (C++, C++9x, C++2x), Objective-C, D, Fortran (many versions over the years), BASIC (just about every computer made between 1975 and 1985 came with its own dialect of BASIC, along with the original Dartmouth version), Algol (Agol 60, Algol 68), Pascal (Pascal, Turbo Pascal, Delphi), Assembly (basically each CPU architecture has its own form, for instance the 6502, 6800, 6809, 68000 (which has variant), 8080, Z80, 8086 (all the way up to the latest Pentium 4), MIPS (which has variants), SPARC (and variants), ARM (and variants), PDP-1, PHP-7, PHP-8, PHP-10, PHP-11, VAX) Forth (just as many dialects as BASIC), Modula (Modula and Modula-II), SNOBOL, ICON, Hope, bash, sh, csh, ksh, VIth, Alice, Pilot, COBOL, Intercal, Perl (several major variations), Piet, Python (Python 1, Python 2, Python 3), PHP (practically every version ever released), awk, Ruby (nearly every version ever released), Lua (several versions), Malbolge, Java (several major revisions), Lisp (Lisp, Lisp 1.5, MACLISP, Common Lisp, Scheme (I know! I know! It's not Lisp, even though it has the same syntax and pretty much the same command set, it's a LISP1 and Common Lisp is a LISP2 (and if you have to ask, you'll have to take a few graduate programming courses to understand))), Erlang, Prolog, Haskel, ML, Oberon, LOLCODE, Befunge, Chef, BrainXXXX and that alone will probably get us to 99 versions right there.
But I don't have access to a lot of these languages. Heck, most of them are dead, obscure or esoteric and trying to even find examples would be difficult. Especially since what I want to do is more than just a simple “Hello World” program. I want to write a program that is actually useful, but not so long as to make this insane project … um … insaner.
So I'm going to try just a few languages (which still leaves me with plenty to choose from; my home system alone comes with C, Ruby 1.8, Perl 5.8, Python 2.3, Python 2.6, PHP 5.1, Lua 5.1, C++, sh, bash, awk, 68000 assembler, x86 assembler and probably a few I'm forgetting about. I might not hit all of these, or maybe I will. We'll see.
And the program I selected for this insanity silly treatment
is a small utility I wrote back in the early 90s when I first learned
C—it's a program that dumps data in hexadecimal:
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 1991 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: Original Version, C89 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *,FILE *);
/****************************************************************/
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *fpin,FILE *fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
unsigned char *pbyte;
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
size_t j;
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
{
size_t i;
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
This is the current version of the program, written in C89. There's not much to say about this—it's straight forward, does one thing, does it well, and we'll see just how far I can take this version.
Tuesday, January 10, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 2: K&R C
One rule I've set for myself: the output of each program shall be the same (if at all possible). And the baseline for the output is yesterday's version. It's also a useful test—if the output doesn't match, there's a bug somewhere. Other than that, anything goes.
Today's code is written using a style known as “K&R C.”
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: K&R C */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
/****************************************************************/
main(argc,argv)
char **argv;
{
int i;
FILE *fp;
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else {
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++) {
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL) {
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return 0;
}
/******************************************************************/
do_dump(fpin,fpout)
FILE *fpin,*fpout;
{
char buffer[BUFSIZ],ascii[LINESIZE + 1],*pbyte;
int offset = 0,bread,j,i;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0) {
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0) {
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do {
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",(unsigned char)*pbyte);
if (*pbyte >= ' ' && *pbyte <= '~')
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte++;
offset++;
j++;
bread--;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE) {
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++)
fprintf(fpout," ");
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF) {
perror("output");
exit(1);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
The term “K&R” is still used to refer to a particular style of writing C code (which I personally can't stand, but that's me)—the placement of opening braces, the severe indentation and often times a vowel impairment in names (which I didn't go for here).
But the term can also refer to code written before C was first
standardized in 1989 (that is known as “ANSI C” or “C89”). While
you had to always declare all your variables, function parameters, on the
other hand, only had to be mentioned and unless otherwise noted, were
assumed to be of type int. The same goes for the function
return value—unless otherwise noted, all functions return a type of
int.
Wednesday, January 11, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 3: C89 in K&R style
To separate the style from the version, here's the program, written in C89, using the K&R style.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89 in K&R style */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *,FILE *);
/****************************************************************/
int main(int argc,char *argv[]) {
if (argc == 1) {
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
} else {
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++) {
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL) {
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *fpin,FILE *fpout) {
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ],*pbyte;
size_t offset=0,bread,j;
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0) {
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0) {
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do {
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte)) {
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
} else {
ascii [j] = '.';
}
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE) {
size_t i;
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) {
fprintf(fpout," ");
}
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF) {
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
We have function prototypes, and more appropriate typedefs for some of the variables, but in the K&R style (ick). Lots of software is still written using this style, like Linux, on the grounds that if it was Good Enough™ for Kernighan and Ritchie, then it's Good Enough™ for the rest of us, never mind that Kernighan and Ritchie wrote their software on teletypes, which is near enough to a manual typewriter hooked up to a computer that if I used one, I would try to type as little as possible myself. But personally, I don't use a teletype; I use a real keyboard and a huge monitor with a small font, so I find little use for the K&R style.
Thursday, January 12, 2012
Just to make sure, I did my “once-a-decade” check of an IDE. Yup, I still hate 'em.
My first exposure to an IDE was in the mid-80s with Turbo Pascal 3, and I hated it. Not the language per se but the editor. By then, I was used to IBM's PE (version 1.0—never found a bug but there were a few limitations, mostly due to it being able to run under MS-DOS 1.0) with it's true block copy, the ability to move anywhere on the screen and type (and have it insert spaces, if required) and fairly pneumonic keybindings, so I had some issues with how Borland thought an editor should work.
I found it a nightmare.
And then when Turbo Pascal 4 came out, with an entirely new interface where they tried (and in my opinion, failed) to do “windows” in a text mode and well … it took a bit over a decade for me look at another IDE.
By now it's the late 90s, and I'm working on Brainstorm. One of the first Java IDEs came out (and I have no idea what program it was or even what became of it). I thought I'd give it a try as I was curious if it would handle an existing project.
It didn't.
My code killed it. I suspect the programmers of that IDE never thought that anyone would bother with writing their own layout manager, and I recall the dialog went something like:
- IDE
- What … is your language?
- Sean
- Java.
- IDE
- What … is your quest?
- Sean
- To compile this Java code I wrote.
- IDE
- What layout manager are you using?
- Sean
- Really? I wrote my own.
- IDE
- Huh? I don't know that [falls over the Bridge of Death into the Gorge of Eternal Peril] Auuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuugh!
Scratch another IDE off my list. And a bit over a decade passes.
We're doing a lot of Java programming at The Ft. Lauderdale Office of The Corporation and most of the programmers are using this IDE called Eclipse (we doing both backend stuff and Android development). I've heard of it. Nearly all Java programmers swear by it. I figure I'd give it a go, if only as an source code/object viewer. I suck down the 300+ megabyte package that Ubuntu offers overnight and give it a go.
And … yeah. I have no idea what I'm doing. Why does it want a “workspace?” How do I load an existing project into the darned thing? Why is the Android Eclipse extension failing? Oh, the “stable” version that Ubuntu coughed up is more than twenty minutes old, and therefore, an ancient and decrepid piece of XXXX. I should know better by now.
So off I go to the Eclipse site, and I'm faced with a dozen different options for Eclipse. Wait? There are three different versions for Java, one for C/C++? One for Javascript? Wait? I thought Eclipse could work with a bunch of different languages. Shouldn't these all be modules or extentions or something? You mean I have to download a separate version for each language I want? And what's with the three Java versions?
Auuuuuuuuuuuuuuugh!
And off I go the Bridge of Death into the Gorge of Eternal Peril.
Okay, so I pick one, download it, figure out I can just run the darned thing and don't have to install it. Okay, the Android extension (another umptillion bytes) installs fine, and I figure out that I can use the existing project, but only if I build it from the command line first (um … isn't that kind of defeating the purpose of an IDE?) and neither I nor J (office mate) can figure out why I'm getting these two errors about overriding an interface (which is the point of an interface—you override it). If I do the so called “quick fix” that Eclipse suggests, it fails on the same line with a different error.
Sigh.
The Android Emulator runs the code just fine … I guess … since I'm supposed to test this code. But i can launch the compiled application (compiled via command line) on the emulator, so the code works (and no errors from the command line compiler there). It's just that Eclipse doesn't like the code.
Par for course. Of course.
I can still use it to browse the code, and follow the relationships of
all the objects. And indeed, one of the warnings that Eclipsed barfed up
did indeed turn out to be a real bug (an unused variable that turned out
should have been used). So that's good. But all the other warnings are
bogus, as “fixing” them causes other errors. So I have to pretty much
ignore all that, and just use Eclipse as a glorified version of
more, only one that automagically cross references
everything.
Oh, and it gets hopelessly confused when I checkout new versions from the source repository and have to manually tell Eclipse to reload the changed files, instead of having it just figure it out on its own.
It's comical, I tell you.
If that wasn't fun enough, I figured I try out the “C/C++ version” of Eclipse, if only as a code browser (since we do have some C++ code, and the call depth does make it rather difficult to follow using a more traditional, but less flaky, text editor). So I download that version. I'm still not quite sure what the “workspace” is, since when I point the “workspace” to the top level directory of our existing C/C++ codebase, it does nothing. No, I have to select a “new project” which is an “existing project,” none of which exactly matches what we have, but I select the one that most closely, but not exactly, matches what we have only to have Eclipse immediately wet its pants and dump core, all over the place.
Now, I thought Eclipse was written in Java, a managed
language that produces not real machine code, but virtual code that
is then emulated by a runtime engine—the whole “write once,
debug run everywhere” schtick. How does that dump
core? What's wrong Eclipse? You can't deal with 2,100 source code
files?
Okay, what about something smaller? How about SPCDNS? It's C. There are only eight source files, only two of which, one code and one header file are absolutely required for the project. How about that?
Oh, I see you're still horribly confused from the previous 2,100 file codebase. Okay, I delete everything you touched, re-extract from the downloaded tarball and try again. Feel better? Should I lay out some newspaper in case you barf again? No? Okay.
Hmm. I still don't fully understand this business with “workspaces”
but whatever. Here's the top level directory for SPCDNS. Oh, you can't
find anything. Start over. Here's the source directory for SPCDNS. Ah,
you like that. But you can't build, because the Makefile is
missing.
Seriously. Eclipse. You can't deal with a Makefile one
level up? Oh for crying out loud …
Start over. New project. Entirely new project. Oh look, one of the
options is for autoconf. I've
never bothered with that, but maybe Eclipse can show me a thing or two about
… oh never mind, that's right. My Ubuntu install is now fourty minutes
old and the installed autoconf might as well be in Sumarian for
all you care, Eclipse.
Start over. New project. Makefile. GCC. New file. dns.h.
Load it up in another text editor, select all, copy. Paste into Eclipse.
Seriously, Eclipse? 600 errors? It's a XXXXXXX header file! You don't have to compile that!
Okay, let me continue with the C code. Load codec.c into a
text editor. Select all, copy, paste into a new file in Eclipse. Oh, now
it's 1,234 errors? Oh, you don't like the restrict keyword …
what? You don't understand C99? Don't worry, Mark doesn't care for C99
either, so you're in good company there, but … really?
Start over. New project. Pure C. Makefile. GCC. Check the options,
ah, find where I can specify C99 on the command line. Select, copy, paste
dns.h into Eclipse. 600 errors. Okay, okay, I'll include the
XXXXXXX headers you want. Happy? Okay, on to
codec.c. Two warnings this time, about two unused
functions.
Really? Those are unused? Okay, I'll remove one of then, and the prototype and—
Eclipse?
Eclipse?
Where did you go?
You puke and dump core again?
You're written in XXXXXXX Java! You shouldn't be able to crash!
Bah!
I still hate IDEs.
The proper care of cast iron cookware
Bunny and I got into a heated discussion over the proper way to clean a cast iron skillet and in the end, I had to do some searching. So, for the record, the proper way to clean your cast iron cookware, and while we're at it, reseason (or recondition) your cast iron cookware (even if you think it's given up the ghost).
99 ways to program a hex, Part 4: C99
Today's variation: C99.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C99 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *,FILE *);
/****************************************************************/
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
for (int i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *fpin,FILE *fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
unsigned char *pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
size_t j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
for (size_t i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
It's not much different than the C89 version. The main difference is the ability to
declare variables when needed instead of the beginning of a block of code.
I don't particularly care for that feature, but I do like the
ability to declare variables inside the for() statement, like
I've done here.
Friday, January 13, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 5: C99 in K&R style
Like part 3, today's version is C99 in the K&R style:
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C99 in K&R style */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *,FILE *);
/****************************************************************/
int main(int argc,char *argv[]) {
if (argc == 1) {
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
} else {
for (int i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++) {
FILE *fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL) {
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *fpin,FILE *fpout) {
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
size_t offset=0,bread;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0) {
unsigned char *pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0) {
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
size_t j = 0;
do {
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte)) {
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
} else {
ascii [j] = '.';
}
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE) {
for (size_t i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) {
fprintf(fpout," ");
}
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF) {
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
To the untrained eye, it probably looks like every other version I've presented here, yet there is is a difference, subtle as it may be. But even in the book that inspired this series there were plenty of examples that weren't all that much different.
At least, that's what I keep telling myself.
Saturday, January 14, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 6: C89, “splint -strict” compliant
Back in the K&R days, C code tended
to play rather loose with the rules. As a result, some pretty subtle bugs
would go undetected, such as passing the wrong number of parameters to a
function, the wrong type of parameters to a function, and ignoring the
results of a function. Because of these types of errors, a program called
lint was
developed that could detect them, as well as other commonly made mistakes.
In fact, lint was very fussy about the code it was given.
But it was a popular tool (I remember the ads for PC Lint that would show a
snippit of C code that had a subtle bug that PC Lint could detect. I got
good enough to spot the errors shown in the ads) and one could always tell
code that's been through lint because of code like:
(void)printf("hello world\n");
The standard these days seems to be a program called splint and man, is
it picky; just getting code to pass through splint is hard
enough, but then there's the -strict option:
-strict- Absurdly strict checking. All checking done by checks, plus modifications and global variables used in unspecified functions, strict standard library, and strict typing of C operators. A special reward will be presented to the first person to produce a real program that produces no errors with strict checking.
Which brings us to today's code:
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, "splint -strict" compliant */
#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
# include <stdio.h>
# include <ctype.h>
# include <string.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#define LINESIZE ((size_t)16)
/*@-protoparamname@*/
static void do_dump(FILE *fpin,FILE *fpout)
/*@globals fileSystem @*/
/*@modifies *fpin, *fpout, fileSystem @*/
;
/*@+protoparamname@*/
/****************************************************************/
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
/*@globals fileSystem, stdin, stdout@*/
/*@modifies fileSystem, stdin, stdout@*/
{
if (argc == 1)
{
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
}
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp;
/*@-boundsread@*/
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
/*@+boundsread@*/
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
if (fclose(fp) == EOF)
{
perror(argv[i]);
}
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *fpin,FILE *fpout)
/*@globals fileSystem @*/
/*@modifies *fpin, *fpout, fileSystem@*/
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
unsigned char *pbyte;
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
size_t j;
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,(size_t)1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",(unsigned int)*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
{
ascii [j] = (char)*pbyte;
}
else
{
ascii [j] = '.';
}
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
{
size_t i;
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++)
{
fprintf(fpout," ");
}
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
I'm actually surprised at just how few splint directives I
needed (they're those funny looking comments like
/*@-frobnitz@*/) to get this code through splint
-strict. The only hard part was the function prototype—it didn't
matter if I included the parameter names:
Splint 3.1.2 --- 07 Dec 2009 06.c:34:27: Declaration parameter has name: fpin A parameter in a function prototype has a name. This is dangerous, since a macro definition could be visible here. (Use either -protoparamname or -namechecks to inhibit warning) 06.c:34:38: Declaration parameter has name: fpout A parameter in a function prototype has a name. This is dangerous, since a macro definition could be visible here. (Use either -protoparamname or -namechecks to inhibit warning) Finished checking --- 2 code warnings
or not:
Splint 3.1.2 --- 07 Dec 2009
06.c:36:15: Unrecognized identifier in modifies comment: fpin
Identifier used in code has not been declared. (Use -unrecog to inhibit
warning)
06.c:36:22: Unrecognized identifier in modifies comment: fpout
sRef.c:1369: at source point
06.c:47:26: *** Internal Bug at sRef.c:1369: llassert failed:
sRef_isReasonable (s) [errno: 25]
*** Please report bug to splint-bug@splint.org ***
(attempting to continue, results may be incorrect)
*** Segmentation Violation
*** Location (not trusted): 06.c:47:26
*** Last code point: exprNode.c:3046
*** Previous code point: exprNode.c:10317
*** Please report bug to splint-bug@splint.org
*** A useful bug report should include everything we need to reproduce the bug.
(and it crashes! Woot!)
splint bitched about the prototype. I could have rearranged
the code so the prototype was unnecessary, but I decided to shut that
particular error up with the /*@-protoparamname@*/ ...
/*@+protoparamname@*/ directives. But really, other than that and
one other minor bitch, the code passed splint -strict rather
easily.
I wonder if I can claim that prize, or is the program too simple?
Sunday, January 15, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 7: C89, const correctness
Standardization to C brought with it a way to annotate variables other
than its type: how it is to be accessed. volatile
informs the compiler that the value cannot be cached and must
always be read from when referenced, because some outside agent
(hardware, another process or thread) could have changed the contents since
the last read, and const,
which marks a variable as “read-only,” which means the value can be
heavily cached as it won't change what-so-ever.
So today's code is the base version (which is C89), but with “const correctness.”
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *const,FILE *const);
/****************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,char *const argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *const fpin,FILE *const fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
unsigned char *pbyte;
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
size_t j;
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
{
size_t i;
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
There're no real volatile variables, so there's no use of
volatile, but the use of const ensures that I
don't change variables inadvertently. One thing to note: The following:
const int *pi;
creates a pointer that can change, which points to memory (interpreted as an integer) that can't change, while:
int *const pi;
creates a pointer that can't change, which points to memory (interpreted as an integer) that can change, while:
const int *const pi;
creates a pointer that can't change, which points to memory (interpreted as an integer) that can't change.
Yes, there are some subtle differences there, and it took me a while to get it down, but you can pin down what can and can't change.
Monday, January 16, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 8: C99, const and restrict correctness
Much like the difference between part 1 and part 4, there is very little difference between today's code and yesterday's code:
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C99, const and restrict correctness */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *const restrict,FILE *const restrict);
/****************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,char *const restrict argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
for (int i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *const restrict fpin,FILE *const restrict fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
unsigned char *pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
size_t j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
for (size_t i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
C99 adds
restrict to the ways one can modify the access to a variable.
The rational behind this is a bit esoteric—it tells the compiler that a
pointer is the only pointer to a block of memory.
Yes, it does seem odd to have to add a keyword for that, but it does help with code optimization. For instance, the following (silly) function:
int foo(int *p1,int *p2)
{
*p2 = *p1 * 17;
return *p1 * 17;
}
The problem here is that the compiler has to do the multiplication twice, as p2 could be pointing to the same location as p1, and thus, the contents pointed to by p1 could be modified. So the compiler is forced to write machine code like:
foo: mov ebx,[esp + 4] ; get p1 mov eax,[ebx] ; read *p1 imul eax,17 ; multiply mov edx,[esp + 8] ; get p2 mov [edx],eax ; save results in *p2 mov eax,[ebx] ; read *p1 imul eax,17 ; multiply ret
Not exactly optimum, but the C compiler is constrained because of the semantics of pointers in C. Change the C code a bit:
int foo(int *restrict p1,int *restrict p2)
{
*p2 = *p1 * 17;
return *p1 * 17;
}
And the compiler can now produce:
foo: mov ebx,[esp + 4] ; get p1 mov eax,[ebx] ; read *p1 imul eax,17 ; multiply mov edx,[esp + 8] ; save mov [edx],eax ; return result ret
Okay, it's only a savings of two instructions (plus an an additional read) but when you're trying to multiply huge matrices, it can add up.
Notes on a conversation while driving to dinner
“It's been a long time since I've seen Richard Chamberlain on television,” she said. “I didn't recognize him.”
“You didn't recognize a seven foot black man?” he asked.
“Darling,” she said, “you're thinking of Wilt Chamberlain. I'm talking about the actor, Richard Chamberlain.”
“Oh,” he said. “So you didn't recognize a five-five white guy then? Ouch!”
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 9: C89, const correctness, assertive
This is a minor variation on part
7—the use of assert():
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness, assertive */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *const,FILE *const);
/****************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,char *const argv[])
{
assert(argc >= 1);
assert(argv != NULL);
assert(argv[0] != NULL);
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *const fpin,FILE *const fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
unsigned char *pbyte;
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
size_t j;
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
assert(fpin != NULL);
assert(fpout != NULL);
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
{
size_t i;
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
Writing Solid Code is one of
only two programming books that really change how I write code (the other
being Thinking Forth but that's
for another episode post), begining with the liberal use of
assert() to, well, not validate input parameters, but
to enforce that they're valid.
Prior to this book, I wrote defensive code, so prior to reading the book,
I would have coded do_dump() as:
static void do_dump(FILE *const fpin,FILE *const fpout)
{
/* vars vars vars */
if ((fpin == NULL) || (fpout == NULL))
return;
/* rest of code */
}
Not very much code (and in this code, useless as well), but in a larger
codebase, it does add up. And it hides problems with the code. The first
project I liberally used assert() I really went crazy with it.
The codebase implemented “window regions” on a text screen, and every
routine used assert() to not only check that I didn't slip in a
NULL pointer, but that every field of all the structures I
defined had reasonable values.
And doing so saved me a lot of debugging time in the corner cases, like,
what exactly does it mean to have a “window” that's only one character
wide? Or even a window that's one character wide by one line high? The
assert()s would trip up on all sorts of corner cases like this,
and given that I was programming the code under MS-DOS, an errant pointer
could not only crash the program, but the entire machine (at best—at
worst, it could corrupt memory that wouldn't be detected until some other
program ran).
I still use assert()s to this day.
Now, I'll grant you the following bit of code:
int main(const int argc,char *const argv[])
{
assert(argc >= 1);
assert(argv != NULL);
assert(argv[0] != NULL);
is going a bit too far, only because this is guaranteed to be true by the C standard, and if it's not, I have more pressing issues to worry about.
The network? A firewall? A bug? A misconfiguration? Gremlins? Who knows?
“In a system of a million parts, if each part malfunctions only one time out of a million, a breakdown is certain.”
—Stanislaw Lem
So it's Regression Test Time™ again (for “Project: Wolowizard”) at The Ft. Lauderdale Office of the Corporation, only this time, with new, addtional regression tests!
Joy.
Okay, it's not too bad. It's a rather simple matter to add the cases to a master list of test cases and expand the program that uses this list to generate the data used for the regression test. That was probably about an hour or so of work. Then a minor change to the actual test program to make sure it fires off the messages under the right conditions (two different messages, ten cases, a 100×100 matrix, but easy enough to code).
Then, generate all the data, copy it all out to the four servers required to run the test, get the latest build of all the programs, move them out to the test servers, make sure the configuration files are up to date on all the servers, make sure The Protocol Stack From Hell™ won't puke, and fire up the regression test.
Only to have one component fail each test because it can't communicate with another component.
Aaaaaarg!
SM and I spent the next few hours troubleshooting the issue. The two components are on different servers, but they can see each other. Doing a manual query at the command line shows the query going through. But something deep within the bowels (maybe below the cockles, maybe in the sub-cockle area, maybe in the liver, maybe in the kidneys, maybe even in the colon. We don't know …) of “Project: Wolowizard” is munged.
Sigh.
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 10: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive
It's pretty much the same as yesterday's version, only in C99:
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *const restrict,FILE *const restrict);
/****************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,char *const restrict argv[])
{
assert(argc >= 1);
assert(argv != NULL);
assert(argv[0] != NULL);
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
for (int i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *const restrict fpin,FILE *const restrict fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
assert(fpin != NULL);
assert(fpout != NULL);
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
unsigned char *pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
size_t j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
for (size_t i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
Not much to say about today's version.
- Part 9: C89, const correctness, assertive
- Part 11: C89, const correctness, assertive, GCC extensions
It was a misconfiguration
Yesterday's problem? It turned out to be a misconfiguration. Or rather, the configuration file format changed enough to break the configuration files checked in for regression testing.
Sometime since the last regression test, parameters that deal with time can now take a suffix to denote the time unit being used (for example, “9s” for 9 seconds, or “3d” for 3 days) and the base unit for non-suffixed values changed (from “seconds” to “milliseconds” I'm guessing) so what was once configured to time out in 15 seconds would now timeout in 15 millisecconds, and thus, the one component would think the other side timed out.
I saw the initial changes, but I neglected to update a few key parameters properly. It's an easy thing to miss (as it took me two tries to change all the affected parameters).
Sigh.
But that aside, the regression test finally ran (well, it's still running—it takes hours for the thing to run).
A bit about buggy whips
I haven't talked much about SOPA and PIPA but I've been aware of them for some time. In fact, on the sites I normally travel, it was hard not to come across it. And then today … everybody by now has heard of SOPA.
And yes, it's bad. But why? It could be that there are a lot of people with money that want bits to have color, when bits have no color:
Bits do not naturally have Colour. Colour, in this sense, is not part of the natural universe. Most importantly, you cannot look at bits and observe what Colour they are. I encountered an amusing example of bit Colour recently: one of my friends was talking about how he'd performed John Cage's famous silent musical composition 4′33″ for MP3. Okay, we said, (paraphrasing the conversation here) so you took an appropriate-sized file of zeroes out of /dev/zero and compressed that with an MP3 compressor? No, no, he said. If I did that, it wouldn't really be 4′33″ because to perform the composition, you have to make the silence in a certain way, according to the rules laid down by the composer. It's not just four minutes and thirty-three seconds of any old silence.
My friend had gone through an elaborate process that basically amounted to performing some other piece of music four minutes and thirty-three seconds long, with a software synthesizer and the volume set to zero. The result was an appropriate-sized file of zeroes—which he compressed with an MP3 compressor. The MP3 file was bit-for-bit identical to one that would have been produced by compressing /dev/zero … but this file was (he claimed) legitimately a recording of 4′33″ and the other one wouldn't have been. The difference was the Colour of the bits. He was asserting that the bits in his copy of 433.mp3 had a different Colour from those in a copy of 433.mp3 I might make by means of the /dev/zero procedure, even though the two files would contain exactly the same bits.
Now, the preceding paragraph is basically nonsense to computer scientists or anyone with a mathematical background. (My friend is one; he'd done this as a sort of elaborate joke.) Numbers are numbers, right? If I add 39 plus 3 and get 42, and you do the same thing, there is no way that “my” 42 can be said to be different from “your” 42. Given two bit-for-bit identical MP3 files, there is no meaningful (to a computer scientist) way to say that one is a recording of the Cage composition and the other one isn't. There would be no way to test one of the files and see which one it was, because they are actually the same file. Having identical bits means by definition that there can be no difference. Bits don't have Colour; computer scientists, like computers, are Colour-blind. That is not a mistake or deficiency on our part: rather, we have worked hard to become so. Colour-blindness on the part of computer scientists helps us understand the fact that computers are also Colour-blind, and we need to be intimately familiar with that fact in order to do our jobs.
The trouble is, human beings are not in general Colour-blind. The law is not Colour-blind. It makes a difference not only what bits you have, but where they came from. There's a very interesting Web page illustrating the Coloured nature of bits in law on the US Naval Observatory Web site. They provide information on that site about when the Sun rises and sets and so on … but they also provide it under a disclaimer saying that this information is not suitable for use in court. If you need to know when the Sun rose or set for use in a court case, then you need an expert witness—because you don't actually just need the bits that say when the Sun rose. You need those bits to be Coloured with the Colour that allows them to be admissible in court, and the USNO doesn't provide that. It's not just a question of accuracy - we all know perfectly well that the USNO's numbers are good. It's a question of where the numbers came from. It makes perfect sense to a lawyer that where the information came from is important, in fact maybe more important than the information itself. The law sees Colour.
What Colour are your bits? - Ansuz - mskala's home page
Or maybe it goes deeper than that—that the Inernet is such a disruptive technology that it threatens all sorts of industries, not only because bits have no color, but that it democratizes the means of global mass production, and that may scare some people more than the colorless bits:
What's different now is that distribution costs have disappeared. Suddenly, hobbyists have the same reach as businesses and are seen as real competition. Unfortunately, hobbyists don't distribute for the same reasons and don't play by the same rules. That's a fundamental problem.
A business is run for money, even if it does creative things. It has expenses and investments. It has a physical location and distribution channels. A business has to play by the rules in order to keep earning money, and because they are vulnerable—to lawsuits, regulations, taxes and police.
A hobbyist is doing it for love, not money. He has almost no expenses— just put your music up on YouTube and promote it online, all for free. Since there is no monetary investment, no payroll, no building, no sales channel, the hobbyist does not have a lot to lose.
If a business breaks the law, it can be sued or a government can close it down. There aren't that many businesses in a given field, so it's relatively easy to police them. There are millions of hobbyists and they require no money to do their thing. Even if you sue them, you can't recover your costs because they have no money. And there are too many to shut them down individually.
On top of that, the internet is global, so many of the people a business wants to sue or arrest aren't even within its jurisdiction. The internet didn't just drop distribution costs, it made it possible to evade restrictive laws passed to protect publishers.
Viewing this as hobbyists vs. businesses makes a difference. The current story from publishers is that everything was fine until the internet came along and pirates started to steal all their products. The reality is that it's not just about piracy.
Hobbyists have always been there, creating art, music, books, comics, open source software, etc. The internet has just forced these two worlds into collision. Even if all the piracy disappeared, publishers would still be in trouble.
Part 47: Intellectual Property
Whatever the case, SOPA/PIPA is bad, and should be rejected by the United States govevernment. It's bad enough that I have to keep buying all these damned buggy whips when it's clear that the future is going to be these horseless carriages I keep hearing about.
Thursday, January 19, 2012
They're hard problems for a reason …
I quoted this once before, but it bears repeating:
There are only two hard problems in Computer Science: cache invalidation, naming things, and off-by-one errors.
I got hit with one of those issues today, and it wasn't naming a thing, or an off-by-one error. It'a amazing how much time can be wasted by omitting a single command …
99 ways to program a hex, Part 11: C89, const correctness, assertive, GCC extensions
Today's code is identical to part
9 save for one line—it uses a GCC
extention to notify the compiler that the do_dump()
function accepts NULL pointers, and that it won't throw any
exceptions.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness, assertive, GCC extensions */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *const,FILE *const) __attribute__((nonnull,nothrow));
/****************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,char *const argv[])
{
assert(argc >= 1);
assert(argv != NULL);
assert(argv[0] != NULL);
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *const fpin,FILE *const fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
unsigned char *pbyte;
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
size_t j;
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
assert(fpin != NULL);
assert(fpout != NULL);
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
{
size_t i;
for (i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
}
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
- Part 10: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive
- Part 12: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive, GCC extensions
Okay, what failed this time?
I'm running the regression tests for “Project: Wolowizard” and about half way through the tests (around the two hour mark or so) start failing. Sometimes expected results just aren't showing up. I'm freaking about a bit because of all the issues we've had in running these tests, only for it to start failing in yet a different way.
Now, a bit about how this all works—there are four computers involved; one runs the tests, injecting messages towards a mini-cluster of two machines, either of which (depending on which one gets the message) sends a message to the fourth machine, which does a bunch of processing (which may involve interaction with a simulated cell phone on the testing machine), then responds back to the mini-cluster, which then responds back to the testing machine.
Now, I can check the immedate results from the mini-cluster, but the
actual data I'm interested in is logged via syslog, so I have
that data forwarded to the testing machine and my code grovels through a log
file for the actual data I want. And it's that data (or part
thereof) that apparently isn't being logged, and thus, the tests are
failing.
Now, it just so happens that the part of the test that's failing is the part dealing with the mini-cluster, and it looks like about half the tests are failing (hmm …. ).
I log into each of the two computers comprising the mini-cluster, and
check /etc/syslog.conf, in the off chance that changed. Nope.
I then explain the problem to Bunny, standing (or rather, sitting) in as my
cardboard programmer
when it hits me—I should check to see if the program is running.
Rats. It is.
The tests are still failing, and my shoes began to squeak.
Okay, just because syslogd is running doesn't necessarily
mean it's running correctly. So I run logger -p local1.info
FOO on each machine and yes, one of the machines is failing to foward
the logs to the testing machine.
Ahah!
I restart syslogd on that system, and lo! The log entries
are getting through now.
You know, I expect there to be issues with the stuff I'm testing; what I don't expect is the stuff that we didn't write is having issues (the Protocol Stack From Hell™ notwithstanding).
Okay, reset everything and start the regression test over again …
Update in the wee-hours of the morning, Friday, January 20th, 2012
A bit over half-way through the regression tests, and the log files
rotate. Aaaaaaaaaah! Okay, reset all the data, and start from the last
failed test. That's easy, since I can specify which cases to run. That's
hard, because I have to specify nearly a 100 cases. That's easy, since I
can use the Unix command seq to list them. That's hard,
because the test cases aren't just numbers, but things like
“1.b.77” and “1.c.18”, and while the shell supports
command line expantion from a running program via the backtick (ala
for i in `seq 34 77`; do echo 1.b.$i; done) I need to nest two
such operations (echo `for i in `seq 34 77`;do echo 1.b.$i;
done`) to specify the test cases from the command line, and the
command line doesn't support that. Okay, I can create a temporary
file that lists the test cases …
Friday, January 20, 2012
Notes about an overheard conversation between a blogger and his lovely and talented copy editor
“I think you miscounted.”
“Here?”
“Yes. There are only two problems … cache invalidation … ”
“Uh huh.”
“Naming things … ”
“Yeah … ”
“and off-by-one errors … oh. Oh! D'oh!”
99 ways to program a hex, Part 12: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive, GCC extenstions
And today's code is identical to part 10 save again for one line—it too uses a GCC extension per yesterday's code.
This also marks the end of the C versions for a couple of days.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive, GCC extenstions */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
static void do_dump (FILE *const restrict,FILE *const restrict) __attribute__((nonnull,nothrow));
/****************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,char *const restrict argv[])
{
assert(argc >= 1);
assert(argv != NULL);
assert(argv[0] != NULL);
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(stdin,stdout);
else
{
for (int i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
FILE *fp = fopen(argv[i],"rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
printf("-----%s-----\n",argv[i]);
do_dump(fp,stdout);
fclose(fp);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/******************************************************************/
static void do_dump(FILE *const restrict fpin,FILE *const restrict fpout)
{
unsigned char buffer[BUFSIZ];
size_t offset;
size_t bread;
assert(fpin != NULL);
assert(fpout != NULL);
offset = 0;
while((bread = fread(buffer,1,BUFSIZ,fpin)) > 0)
{
unsigned char *pbyte = buffer;
while (bread > 0)
{
char ascii[LINESIZE + 1];
fprintf(fpout,"%08lX: ",(unsigned long)offset);
size_t j = 0;
do
{
fprintf(fpout,"%02X ",*pbyte);
if (isprint(*pbyte))
ascii [j] = *pbyte;
else
ascii [j] = '.';
pbyte ++;
offset ++;
j ++;
bread --;
} while ((j < LINESIZE) && (bread > 0));
ascii [j] = '\0';
if (j < LINESIZE)
for (size_t i = j ; i < LINESIZE ; i++) fprintf(fpout," ");
fprintf(fpout,"%s\n",ascii);
}
if (fflush(fpout) == EOF)
{
perror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
/***************************************************************/
Saturday, January 21, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 13: COLOR COMPUTER BASIC, EASY
I decided to take a break with the C versions for a few days, given that a) I'm hopelessly behind on posting, and b) the next few versions are interesting and I want to make sure I have plenty of time for the write-ups. So I went back to my programming roots, to the first computer I ever owned, a Tandy Color Computer 2, and figured, why not do a hex dump program for it? In its version of BASIC.
One of the rules I set for myself is that the output of each version should match if at all possible, and I'm afraid that this version (and the next one) fall under those weasle words—the output won't be exactly the same. It's not hard to understand why though, when you realize that the text screen of the Color Computer is 32×16. Yes, it's only sixteen lines of 32 characters each. Yeah, this:
00000170: 44 4F 53 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 54 4F 20 52 55 4E DOS BASIC TO RUN 00000180: 2E 0A 31 36 27 0A 32 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 22 ..16'.20 PRINT " 00000190: 49 4E 50 55 54 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4E 41 4D 45 3A INPUT FILE NAME: 000001A0: 22 3B 0A 32 31 20 49 4E 50 55 54 20 46 4E 24 0A ";.21 INPUT FN$. 000001B0: 32 32 20 4F 50 45 4E 22 49 22 2C 23 31 2C 46 4E 22 OPEN"I",#1,FN
ain't gonna fit!
This, however:
0170 444F532042415349 DOS BASI 0178 4320544F2052554E C TO RUN 0180 2E0A3136270A3230 ..16'.20 0188 205052494E542022 PRINT " 0190 494E505554204649 INPUT FI 0198 4C45204E414D453A LE NAME: 01A0 223B0A323120494E ";.21 IN 01A8 50555420464E240A PUT FN$. 01B0 3232204F50454E22 22 OPEN" 01B8 49222C23312C464E I",#1,FN
would. And we'll be going with that.
And I'm presenting the code as it would (or less) appear on the Color Computer, wrapped at 32 columns (more accurate would be a mid-range green background with a really crappy 8×12 pixel font).
1 '*****************************
2 '* COPYRIGHT 2012 SEAN CONNER
3 '*
4 '* THIS PROGRAM RELEASED UNDER
5 '* THE GNU LICENSE, VERSION 2
6 '* OF THE LICENSE, OR (AT YOUR
7 '* OPTION) ANY LATER VERSION.
8 '*
9 '* SEE THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC
10 '* LICENCE FOR MORE DETAILS.
11 '***************************
12 '
13 'COLOR COMPUTER BASIC, EASY
14 'REQUIRES EXTENDED AND
15 'DOS BASIC TO RUN.
16'
20 PRINT "INPUT FILE NAME:";
21 INPUT FN$
22 OPEN"I",#1,FN$
23 I=0
24 Y=0
30 FOR S=1TOLOC(2)
31 GET#1,S
32 D$=INPUT#1
100 FOR B = 1 TO 256 STEP 8
101 DD$ = MID$(D$,B,16)
102 I$=HEX$(I)
103 IF LEN(I$)<>4 THEN I$ = MID$
("000",1,4-LEN(I$))+I$
104 H$ = ""
105 A$ = ""
106 FOR C = 1 TO 8
107 B$ = MID$(H$,C,1)
108 IF CHR$(B$)<32 OR CHR$(B$)>1
26 THEN B$="."
109 A$=A$+B$
110 T$=HEX$(B$)
111 IF LEN(T$)=1 THEN T$="0"+T$
112 H$=H$+T$
113 NEXT C
114 PRINTI$;": ";H$;" ";A$
115 I=I+8
116 Y=Y+1
117 IF Y=15 THEN INPUT T$:Y=1
118 NEXT B
119 NEXT S
120 CLOSE#1
130 END
Now, I don't know if the code actually works (unlike the previous twelve versions). I still have my first computer, but I haven't turned it on in years, and in fact, I would have to dig it out of storage, find a TV that worked to hook it up to (for a video display), then type in the program, debug it, then … um … type it in again, since I don't have any easy way of transferring data off the Color Computer (that would require more digging to piles of cables to find the right set of cables and adaptors, going from a 4-pin DIN to USB with some form of null-modem cable thrown in). So in theory the code works, but in practice …
The main problem is that the DOS BASIC commands are geared towards record based files (both sequential and random access) and not the more modern “stream of bytes” paradigm in use today. I'm reading what I hope are 256 byte binary records. That's where my biggest concern lies really.
Now, I could read in binary data directly; there is a command to do that, but it reads in a raw sector from the disk; I would have to write code to decode the actual file structure. It's not a complicated structure, but it's a bit more effort than I want do go into right now, and would distract from a “simple” program.
So I can only hope that the program presented above works.
- Part 12: C99, const and restrict correctness, assertive, GCC extensions
- Part 14: COLOR COMPUTER BASIC
Sunday, January 22, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 14: COLOR COMPUTER BASIC
Yesterday's code was labeled “COLOR COMPUTER BASIC, EASY” not because it was easy to write (it was somewhat easy—seeing how I didn't have to run it, and going off referenece material for a language I haven't used in over twenty years) but because it was relatively “easy” to read.
I'm being serious.
I never saw any published BASIC code look that nice. No, it would usually be presented as this (but probably without the blank lines):
1 '*****************************
2 '* COPYRIGHT 2012 SEAN CONNER
3 '*
4 '* THIS PROGRAM RELEASED UNDER
5 '* THE GNU LICENSE, VERSION 2
6 '* OF THE LICENSE, OR (AT YOUR
7 '* OPTION) ANY LATER VERSION.
8 '*
9 '* SEE THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC
10 '* LICENCE FOR MORE DETAILS.
11 '***************************
12 '
13 'COLOR COMPUTER BASIC
14 'REQUIRES EXTENDED AND
15 'DOS BASIC TO RUN.
16'
20 PRINT "INPUT FILE NAME:";:INP
UT FN$:OPEN"I",#1,FN$:I=0:Y=0:FO
R S=1TOLOC(2):GET#1,S:D$=INPUT#1
:FOR B=1TO256STEP8:DD$=MID$(D$,B
,16):I$=HEX$(I):IF LEN(I$)<>4 TH
EN I$ = MID$("000",1,4-LEN(I$))+
I$
21 H$="":A$="":FOR C=1TO8:B$=MID
$(H$,C,1):IF CHR$(B$)<32 OR CHR$
(B$)>1THEN B$="."
22 A$=A$+B$:T$=HEX$(B$):IF LEN(T
$)=1THENT$="0"+T$
23 H$=H$+T$:NEXT C:PRINTI$;": ";
H$;" ";A$:I=I+8:Y=Y+1:IF Y=15 TH
EN INPUT T$:Y=1
24 NEXT B:NEXT S:CLOSE#1:END
Line 20 here covers lines 20 through 103 of yesterday's code, and I only broke it there because of the IF statement, which ends at the end of a number statement. Otherwise, it could have been longer, up to 255 characters in length. All due to memory constraints—4,096 bytes, 16,384 bytes or 32,768 bytes of RAM to fit both the program and data (and if you want high resolution graphics, you give up 6,144 bytes; 12,288 bytes if you want double-buffered high resolution graphics—and by “high resolution graphics” I mean 256×192 pixels, two colors).
Yes kids, this is how we used to write programs. And part of the reason why BASIC has the terrible reputation that it does.
Monday, January 23, 2012
A disconnect
R stops by my desk and drops off a new toy unit to play
with test. It's a network device you can plug a POTS line into and make calls over the
Internet. I guess we're testing the toy to play with unit to see
if our phone network features work with it.
It's a nice looking device and as R hands it to me, I see that's it still
on (yes, it comes with both an internal battery and a wall-wart). The tests
aren't complicated, but I do need to read the manual to figure out how to
run a few of them (involving conference calling, and forwarding phone
calls elsewhere). R also hands me the box the toy to play with
unit came in.
As I searched through the box for the manual, I come across a USB cable, still in it plastic wrap.
Okay, the unit comes with a USB port; what doesn't these days? I then find the manual
and start flipping through it. There's the diagram of the toy to play
with unit with a description of each port and button on it. I notice
the USB port has a note:
NOTE: Never place a USB-based device into the USB port of the XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX under any circumstances. Doing so may damage the device and negate its warranty. The port was designed for diagnostic purposes only; it is not intended for customer use.
So, not only is there no sticker over the USB port saying “removal of this sticket voids warranty” but they give you a USB cable not to plug into it!
Methinks there is a disconnect between manufactoring and packaging at the
factory that makes these toys to play with units.
99 ways to program a hex, Part 15: Lua
I'm still taking a break from C, and today's version is in Lua.
#!/usr/bin/env lua
-- ***************************************************************
--
-- Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
--
-- This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-- the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-- (at your option) any later version.
--
-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-- GNU General Public License for more details.
--
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--
-- Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
--
-- ********************************************************************
-- Style: Lua 5.1
function do_dump(fpin,fpout)
local offset = 0
while true do
local line = fpin:read(16)
if line == nil then return end
fpout:write(
string.format("%08X: ",offset),
line:gsub(".",function(c) return string.format("%02X ",c:byte()) end),
string.rep(" ",3 * (16 - line:len())),
line:gsub("%c","."),
"\n"
)
offset = offset + 16
end
end
-- **********************************************************************
if #arg == 0 then
print("-----stdin-----")
do_dump(io.stdin,io.stdout)
else
for i = 1 , #arg do
local f = io.open(arg[1],"r")
io.stdout:write("-----",arg[1],"-----","\n")
do_dump(f,io.stdout)
f:close()
end
end
os.exit(0)
What I'm noticing (besides my text editor's horrible attempts at syntax highlighting in this entry) is that the non-C versions are quite a bit shorter than the C versions. I'm sure part of that reason is the high level of abstraction obtained by not using C. For instance, in this version, the code to dump the data is easily half the length of the shortest C version, thanks to the clever string.gsub() routine in Lua.
Tuesday, January 24, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 16: Lua, recursion
I'm continuing with Lua, with today's version using recursion.
#!/usr/bin/env lua
-- ***************************************************************
--
-- Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
--
-- This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-- the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-- (at your option) any later version.
--
-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-- GNU General Public License for more details.
--
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--
-- Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
--
-- ********************************************************************
-- Style: Lua 5.1, recursion
function do_dump(fpin,fpout,offset)
local line = fpin:read(16)
if line == nil then return end
fpout:write(
string.format("%08X: ",offset),
line:gsub(".",function(c) return string.format("%02X ",c:byte()) end),
string.rep(" ",3 * (16 - line:len())),
line:gsub("%c","."),
"\n"
)
return do_dump(fpin,fpout,offset + 16)
end
-- **********************************************************************
if #arg == 0 then
print("-----stdin-----")
do_dump(io.stdin,io.stdout,0)
else
for i = 1 , #arg do
local f = io.open(arg[1],"r")
io.stdout:write("-----",arg[1],"-----","\n")
do_dump(f,io.stdout,0)
f:close()
end
end
os.exit(0)
Here, we have the do_dump() function calling itself for each
lines worth of data. If you don't have experience with recursion, this is a
common technique of solving certain programming problems by having a
function call itself with either a simpler case to solve, or, like in this
example, by calling itself with more data. And it just works.
If you are familiar with recursion, you might be horrified at such a solution, since a very large file might cause the program to crash since with recursion, the program (behind the scenes) keeps track of everything it's already done and thus, could run out of memory.
But in this case, we don't have to worry. Lua takes advantage of what's
called “tail call optmization.”
In this case, you can think of the tail call as a form of goto,
but this type of goto can also goto other
functions, which is useful in implementing state machines. For example, a
pseudocode version of the TFTP protocol, in Lua:
function server(conn)
remote,request = conn:read()
if request.opcode == 'read' then
info = open_read(request.file)
READ_DATA(remote,info)
elseif request.opcode == 'write' then
info = open_write(request.file)
SEND_ACK(remote,info)
end
return server(conn)
end
-- *******************************************************
function READ_DATA(remote,info)
remote:send(DATA,readblock(info.file,info.blocknum))
return RECEIVE_ACK(remote,info)
end
-- *******************************************************
function RECEIVE_ACK(remote,info)
ack = remote:read_ack()
if info.blocknum > 0 and ack.blocknum < info.blocknum then
return RECEIVE_ACK(remote,info)
end
if #info.data < 512 then
return --we're done
end
info.blocknum = info.blocknum + 1
return READ_DATA(remote,info)
end
-- *******************************************************
function SEND_ACK(remote,info)
remote:send(ACK,info.blocknum)
if info.blocknum > 0 and #info.data < 512 then
return -- we're done
else
return RECEIVE_DATA(remote,info)
end
end
-- *******************************************************
function RECEIVE_DATA(remote,info)
data = remote:read_data()
if data.blocknum < info.blocknum then
return SEND_ACK(remote,info)
end
info.blocknum = data.blocknum
writeblock(info.file,info.blocknum,data.data)
return SEND_ACK(remote,info)
end
I earlier said I wasn't a fan of tail call optimization but then, I didn't see a use for it. Here I do, at least for state machines. But for a hex dump program, not so much, but it doesn't hurt all that much either—it's still a loop in this case.
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 17: Lua, recursion, runtime type checking
Since Lua is a dynamically typed language (“values have types, not variables”) we can check the type of a variable at runtime and behave accordingly. Before, we were restricted with just dumping a file, but we could also dump strings (which in Lua can be pure binary data). So today's version checks what type the input is; if it's a file, we read data from there, otherwise if the input is a string, we pull the next blob of data out of it.
Granted, we don't actually use that feature here, but we can
more easily reuse do_dump() elsewhere.
#!/usr/bin/env lua
-- ***************************************************************
--
-- Copyright 2010 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
--
-- This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-- the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-- (at your option) any later version.
--
-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-- GNU General Public License for more details.
--
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--
-- Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
--
-- ********************************************************************
-- Style: Lua 5.1, recursion, runtime type checking
function do_dump(fpin,fpout,offset)
local line
if type(fpin) == 'string' then
if offset > string.len(fpin) then return end
line = fpin:sub(offset + 1,offset + 16)
else
line = fpin:read(16)
if line == nil then return end
end
fpout:write(
string.format("%08X: ",offset),
line:gsub(".",function(c) return string.format("%02X ",c:byte()) end),
string.rep(" ",3 * (16 - line:len())),
line:gsub("%c","."),
"\n"
)
return do_dump(fpin,fpout,offset + 16)
end
-- **********************************************************************
if #arg == 0 then
print("-----stdin-----")
do_dump(io.stdin,io.stdout,0)
else
for i = 1 , #arg do
local f = io.open(arg[1],"r")
io.stdout:write("-----",arg[1],"-----","\n")
do_dump(f,io.stdout,0)
f:close()
end
end
os.exit(0)
“A big ol' slab of beef!”
Once more into the breach, but I remembered last time this happened, and acted accordingly. But I needn't worry—while we were swarmed with men armed with huge chunks of roast critter, this time, the restaurant was way more crowded and thus, we weren't swarmed quite as heavily.
Also, amusingly, on the far wall from where I was sitting was a large wide screen television showing closeups of grass, of all things. And it wasn't made up like a window either—the grasses would change every so often. And yes, it was video of grass, not static images of grass.
Very odd.
And the food was again, great.
And yes, expense accounts rock!
Thursday, January 26, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 18: Lua, recursion, callback
Yesterday's version checked the input to see if it was a file or a string and acted accordingly. That's fine, but perhaps a better way is to include a callback function and some opaque piece of datum for that callback to work on. That way, we can operate on more than just strings or files. It's open ended on what we can support.
#!/usr/bin/env lua
-- ***************************************************************
--
-- Copyright 2010 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
--
-- This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-- the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-- (at your option) any later version.
--
-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-- GNU General Public License for more details.
--
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--
-- Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
--
-- ********************************************************************
-- Style: Lua 5.1, recursion, callback
function do_dump(fpout,offset,callback,data)
local line = callback(data,offset)
if line == nil then return end
fpout:write(
string.format("%08X: ",offset),
line:gsub(".",function(c) return string.format("%02X ",c:byte()) end),
string.rep(" ",3 * (16 - line:len())),
line:gsub("%c","."),
"\n"
)
return do_dump(fpout,offset + 16,callback,data)
end
-- **********************************************************************
local function cb(data,offset)
return data:read(16)
end
if #arg == 0 then
print("-----stdin-----")
do_dump(io.stdout,0,cb,io.stdin)
else
for i = 1 , #arg do
local f = io.open(arg[1],"r")
io.stdout:write("-----",arg[1],"-----","\n")
do_dump(io.stdout,0,cb,f)
f:close()
end
end
os.exit(0)
Friday, January 27, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 19: Lua, recursion, closure as callback
Now, instead of passing along data
just to be passed to the callback function, we can include such data as
part of a closure
to the function we pass to the do_dump() function.
#!/usr/bin/env lua
-- ***************************************************************
--
-- Copyright 2010 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
--
-- This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-- the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-- (at your option) any later version.
--
-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-- GNU General Public License for more details.
--
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--
-- Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
--
-- ********************************************************************
-- Style: Lua 5.1, recursion, closure as callback
function do_dump(fpout,offset,callback)
local line = callback(offset)
if line == nil then return end
fpout:write(
string.format("%08X: ",offset),
line:gsub(".",function(c) return string.format("%02X ",c:byte()) end),
string.rep(" ",3 * (16 - line:len())),
line:gsub("%c","."),
"\n"
)
return do_dump(fpout,offset + 16,callback)
end
-- **********************************************************************
if #arg == 0 then
print("-----stdin-----")
do_dump(io.stdout,0,cb,io.stdin)
else
for i = 1 , #arg do
local f = io.open(arg[1],"r")
io.stdout:write("-----",arg[1],"-----","\n")
do_dump(io.stdout,0,function(offset) return f:read(16) end)
f:close()
end
end
os.exit(0)
Here, our function (which is not named, as you don't really need to name
functions in Lua)
references our open file f, but in order to do so, Lua needs to
include a reference to f to the function when said function is
passed to do_dump(). It does so by creating what's called a
“closure”—think of a closure as both a pointer (or reference) to a
function, plus a pointer (or reference) to data that is outside the normal
lexical
scope of the function.
And why do I pass in the offset when my unnamed (“anonymous”) function doesn't use it? Because it might be useful in some contexts to know where to pull the data (say from a block of memory).
Saturday, January 28, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 20: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls
When last we left the C versions, we pretty much hit the limit of what we could do using the standard C library to remain portable (well, we did use a GCC extenstion). Not much else we can do, unless we want to leave the Land of Portability™ and start hitting some system specific calls.
So, that's what this version does—it eschews the use of the standard C
library (except for exit(), errno and
memset()—while I could replace this with my own version, C compilers can and
will produce better optimized versions than I can write) and goes
straight for the system calls.
This means I will have to write my own code to convert binary to hexidecimal, but I've written such code plenty of times before.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
/********************************************************************/
extern const char *sys_errlist[];
extern int sys_nerr;
static void do_dump (const int,const int);
static size_t dump_line (const int,unsigned char *,size_t,const unsigned long);
static void hexout (char *,unsigned long,size_t,const int);
static void myperror (const char *const);
static size_t myread (const int,char *,size_t);
static void mywrite (const int,const char *const,const size_t);
/********************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,const char *const argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(STDIN_FILENO,STDOUT_FILENO);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
int fhin;
fhin = open(argv[i],O_RDONLY);
if (fhin == -1)
{
myperror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----",5);
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,argv[i],strlen(argv[i]));
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----\n",6);
do_dump(fhin,STDOUT_FILENO);
if (close(fhin) < 0)
myperror(argv[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}
/************************************************************************/
static void do_dump(const int fhin,const int fhout)
{
unsigned char buffer[4096];
unsigned long off;
size_t bytes;
assert(fhin >= 0);
assert(fhout >= 0);
off = 0;
while((bytes = myread(fhin,(char *)buffer,sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
{
unsigned char *p = buffer;
for (p = buffer ; bytes > 0 ; )
{
size_t amount;
amount = dump_line(fhout,p,bytes,off);
p += amount;
bytes -= amount;
off += amount;
}
}
}
/********************************************************************/
static size_t dump_line(
const int fhout,
unsigned char *p,
size_t bytes,
const unsigned long off
)
{
size_t count;
char addr [9];
char hex [LINESIZE * 3];
char ascii[LINESIZE];
char *dh;
char *da;
assert(fhout >= 0);
assert(p != NULL);
assert(bytes > 0);
memset(hex ,' ',sizeof(hex));
memset(ascii,' ',sizeof(hex));
hexout(addr,off,8,':');
if (bytes > LINESIZE)
bytes = LINESIZE;
p += bytes;
dh = &hex[bytes * 3];
da = &ascii[bytes];
assert(addr[8] == ':');
assert(bytes <= LINESIZE);
assert(dh == &hex [bytes * 3]);
assert(da == &ascii[bytes]);
for (count = 0 ; (count < bytes) && (count < LINESIZE) ; count++)
{
p --;
da --;
dh -= 3;
if ((*p >= ' ') && (*p <= '~'))
*da = *p;
else
*da = '.';
hexout(dh,(unsigned long)*p,2,' ');
}
assert(dh == hex);
assert(da == ascii);
mywrite(fhout,addr,sizeof(addr));
mywrite(fhout," ",1);
mywrite(fhout,hex,sizeof(hex));
mywrite(fhout,ascii,count);
mywrite(fhout,"\n",1);
return count;
}
/**********************************************************************/
static void hexout(char *dest,unsigned long value,size_t size,const int padding)
{
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
assert((padding >= ' ') && (padding <= '~'));
dest[size] = padding;
while(size--)
{
dest[size] = (char)((value & 0x0F) + '0');
if (dest[size] > '9') dest[size] += 7;
value >>= 4;
}
}
/************************************************************************/
static void myperror(const char *const s)
{
int err = errno;
assert(s != NULL);
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,s,strlen(s));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,": ",2);
if (err > sys_nerr)
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"(unknown)",9);
else
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,sys_errlist[err],strlen(sys_errlist[err]));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"\n",1);
}
/************************************************************************/
static size_t myread(const int fh,char *buf,size_t size)
{
size_t amount = 0;
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(buf != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
while(size > 0)
{
ssize_t bytes;
bytes = read(fh,buf,size);
if (bytes < 0)
{
myperror("read()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (bytes == 0)
break;
amount += bytes;
size -= bytes;
buf += bytes;
}
return amount;
}
/*********************************************************************/
static void mywrite(const int fh,const char *const msg,const size_t size)
{
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(msg != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
if (write(fh,msg,size) < (ssize_t)size)
{
if (fh != STDERR_FILENO)
myperror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
/***********************************************************************/
The major trick here is that I generate the output for each line backwards! I do that because it's easier to generate the hexidecimal output that way. Generating the hexidecimal output “forwards” would mean I need to rotate the first four bits down into position (so with a 32-bit value, I would need to shift the bits down 28 positions), then generate the hex digit, then rotate the next four bits down 24 positions, but by then, I'm doing repeated rotates and discarding all the work I did previously for each digit. And if I only want to work with 8 bits, I have to have another special function do handle that, or complicate one function to handle multiple number of bits.
But by going backwards, I start with the last four bits, which are already in the “proper position” to generate a digit, then shift everthing down four bits, and keep repeating this until the specified number of hexidecimal digits are produced.
So, while the amount of code goes up, it is faster than the more portable version:
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./12 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m4.985s user 0m4.969s sys 0m0.015s [spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./20 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m2.936s user 0m1.511s sys 0m1.425s
It's almost twice as fast, yet it spends a disturbingly large amount of
time (compared to the portable version) in the kernel. It's because of all
the calls to write() I do. That's a problem I'll attack in the
next version.
- Part 19: Lua, recursion, closure as callback
- Part 21: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, per line buffering
Sunday, January 29, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 21: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, per line buffering
Yesterday's version was faster than the portable version, but spent nearly 100 times longer in the kernel than the portable version, and that's because the portable version, using the standard C library, buffers the output way more than my non-portable system calling version did. Making a subroutine call into the kernel (a “system call”) takes way more time than just calling a regular subroutine call.
So, we need to avoid making a ton of system calls, and to do that, we need to buffer the output a bit more. This version, we buffer an entire line's worth of data before writing it out.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, per line buffering */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
/********************************************************************/
extern const char *sys_errlist[];
extern int sys_nerr;
static void do_dump (const int,const int);
static size_t dump_line (const int,unsigned char *,size_t,const unsigned long);
static void hexout (char *,unsigned long,size_t,const int);
static void myperror (const char *const);
static size_t myread (const int,char *,size_t);
static void mywrite (const int,const char *const,const size_t);
/********************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,const char *const argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(STDIN_FILENO,STDOUT_FILENO);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
int fhin;
fhin = open(argv[i],O_RDONLY);
if (fhin == -1)
{
myperror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----",5);
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,argv[i],strlen(argv[i]));
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----\n",6);
do_dump(fhin,STDOUT_FILENO);
if (close(fhin) < 0)
myperror(argv[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}
/************************************************************************/
static void do_dump(const int fhin,const int fhout)
{
unsigned char buffer[4096];
unsigned long off;
size_t bytes;
assert(fhin >= 0);
assert(fhout >= 0);
off = 0;
while((bytes = myread(fhin,(char *)buffer,sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
{
unsigned char *p = buffer;
for (p = buffer ; bytes > 0 ; )
{
size_t amount;
amount = dump_line(fhout,p,bytes,off);
p += amount;
bytes -= amount;
off += amount;
}
}
}
/********************************************************************/
static size_t dump_line(
const int fhout,
unsigned char *p,
size_t bytes,
const unsigned long off
)
{
char line[75];
char *dh;
char *da;
size_t count;
assert(fhout >= 0);
assert(p != NULL);
assert(bytes > 0);
memset(line,' ',sizeof(line));
hexout(line,off,8,':');
if (bytes > LINESIZE)
bytes = LINESIZE;
p += bytes;
dh = &line[10 + bytes * 3];
da = &line[58 + bytes];
for (count = 0 ; count < bytes ; count++)
{
p--;
da--;
dh -= 3;
if ((*p >= ' ') && (*p <= '~'))
*da = *p;
else
*da = '.';
hexout(dh,(unsigned long)*p,2,' ');
}
line[58 + count] = '\n';
mywrite(fhout,line,59 + count);
return count;
}
/**********************************************************************/
static void hexout(char *dest,unsigned long value,size_t size,const int padding)
{
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
assert((padding >= ' ') && (padding <= '~'));
dest[size] = padding;
while(size--)
{
dest[size] = (char)((value & 0x0F) + '0');
if (dest[size] > '9') dest[size] += 7;
value >>= 4;
}
}
/************************************************************************/
static void myperror(const char *const s)
{
int err = errno;
assert(s != NULL);
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,s,strlen(s));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,": ",2);
if (err > sys_nerr)
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"(unknown)",9);
else
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,sys_errlist[err],strlen(sys_errlist[err]));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"\n",1);
}
/************************************************************************/
static size_t myread(const int fh,char *buf,size_t size)
{
size_t amount = 0;
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(buf != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
while(size > 0)
{
ssize_t bytes;
bytes = read(fh,buf,size);
if (bytes < 0)
{
myperror("read()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (bytes == 0)
break;
amount += bytes;
size -= bytes;
buf += bytes;
}
return amount;
}
/*********************************************************************/
static void mywrite(const int fh,const char *const msg,const size_t size)
{
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(msg != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
if (write(fh,msg,size) < (ssize_t)size)
{
if (fh != STDERR_FILENO)
myperror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
/***********************************************************************/
Okay, so how does this version fare?
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./20 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m2.941s user 0m1.499s sys 0m1.441s [spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./21 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m0.957s user 0m0.645s sys 0m0.313s
Not bad—one third the time overall, and one fifth the amount of time spent in the kernel. And compared to the portable version, this only takes one fifth the total time, although it's still spending over twenty times as long in kernel space.
We can do better—it just takes more buffering and less system calls.
- Part 20: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls
- Part 22: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, full buffering
Monday, January 30, 2012
99 ways to program a hex, Part 22: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, full buffering
So yesterday I presented a
non-portable version that was quite a bit faster than the portable version,
but I'm not quite done yet. That version just buffered a line at a
time—today's version buffers nearly 8k
worth of data (it's not exact, but it's close enough) between calls to
write().
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, full buffering */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
/********************************************************************/
extern const char *sys_errlist[];
extern int sys_nerr;
static void do_dump (const int,const int);
static size_t dump_line (char **const,unsigned char *,size_t,const unsigned long);
static void hexout (char *const,unsigned long,size_t,const int);
static void myperror (const char *const);
static size_t myread (const int,char *,size_t);
static void mywrite (const int,const char *const,const size_t);
/********************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,const char *const argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(STDIN_FILENO,STDOUT_FILENO);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
int fhin;
fhin = open(argv[i],O_RDONLY);
if (fhin == -1)
{
myperror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----",5);
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,argv[i],strlen(argv[i]));
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----\n",6);
do_dump(fhin,STDOUT_FILENO);
if (close(fhin) < 0)
myperror(argv[i]);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/************************************************************************/
static void do_dump(const int fhin,const int fhout)
{
unsigned char buffer[4096];
char outbuffer[75 * 109];
char *pout;
unsigned long off;
size_t bytes;
size_t count;
assert(fhin >= 0);
assert(fhout >= 0);
memset(outbuffer,' ',sizeof(outbuffer));
off = 0;
count = 0;
pout = outbuffer;
while((bytes = myread(fhin,(char *)buffer,sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
{
unsigned char *p = buffer;
for (p = buffer ; bytes > 0 ; )
{
size_t amount;
amount = dump_line(&pout,p,bytes,off);
p += amount;
bytes -= amount;
off += amount;
count++;
if (count == 109)
{
mywrite(fhout,outbuffer,(size_t)(pout - outbuffer));
memset(outbuffer,' ',sizeof(outbuffer));
count = 0;
pout = outbuffer;
}
}
}
if ((size_t)(pout - outbuffer) > 0)
mywrite(fhout,outbuffer,(size_t)(pout - outbuffer));
}
/********************************************************************/
static size_t dump_line(
char **const pline,
unsigned char *p,
size_t bytes,
const unsigned long off
)
{
char *line;
char *dh;
char *da;
size_t count;
assert(pline != NULL);
assert(*pline != NULL);
assert(p != NULL);
assert(bytes > 0);
line = *pline;
hexout(line,off,8,':');
if (bytes > LINESIZE)
bytes = LINESIZE;
p += bytes;
dh = &line[10 + bytes * 3];
da = &line[58 + bytes];
for (count = 0 ; count < bytes ; count++)
{
p --;
da --;
dh -= 3;
if ((*p >= ' ') && (*p <= '~'))
*da = *p;
else
*da = '.';
hexout(dh,(unsigned long)*p,2,' ');
}
line[58 + count] = '\n';
*pline = &line[59 + count];
return count;
}
/**********************************************************************/
static void hexout(char *const dest,unsigned long value,size_t size,const int padding)
{
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
assert((padding >= ' ') && (padding <= '~'));
dest[size] = padding;
while(size--)
{
dest[size] = (char)((value & 0x0F) + '0');
if (dest[size] > '9') dest[size] += 7;
value >>= 4;
}
}
/************************************************************************/
static void myperror(const char *const s)
{
int err = errno;
assert(s != NULL);
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,s,strlen(s));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,": ",2);
if (err > sys_nerr)
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"(unknown)",9);
else
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,sys_errlist[err],strlen(sys_errlist[err]));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"\n",1);
}
/************************************************************************/
static size_t myread(const int fh,char *buf,size_t size)
{
size_t amount = 0;
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(buf != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
while(size > 0)
{
ssize_t bytes;
bytes = read(fh,buf,size);
if (bytes < 0)
{
myperror("read()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (bytes == 0)
break;
amount += bytes;
size -= bytes;
buf += bytes;
}
return amount;
}
/*********************************************************************/
static void mywrite(const int fh,const char *const msg,const size_t size)
{
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(msg != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
if (write(fh,msg,size) < (ssize_t)size)
{
if (fh != STDERR_FILENO)
myperror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
/***********************************************************************/
And that makes all the difference. The portable vesrsion:
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./12 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m4.985s user 0m4.969s sys 0m0.015s
Our first stab at a non-portable, but possibly faster version:
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./20 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m2.936s user 0m1.511s sys 0m1.425s
The “it's quite a bit faster” version:
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./21 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m0.957s user 0m0.645s sys 0m0.313s
And finally, the punchline—today's version:
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./22 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m0.460s user 0m0.448s sys 0m0.012s
And yes, that's the real output—1/10 the time of the portable version with a similar amount of time in the kernel.
Frankly, I was a bit surprised at these results—not that the non-portable version was faster (that's almost a given) but the magnitude of the results. I didn't think the standard C library had that much overhead. I was expecting easily a percentage increase in speed, but even twice would have been unexpected, but ten times faster?
Wow.
Increasing the size of the buffer past what I have probably won't help all that much, and in fact, when I doubled the buffer size:
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./22 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m0.592s user 0m0.582s sys 0m0.010s
The timing difference could be due to cache effects, maybe?
So I think we've maxed out the speed at which this program will run. As a test, I profiled the code to see if there was anything I migh have missed:
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 100.21 0.41 0.41 1 410.86 410.86 do_dump 0.00 0.41 0.00 9197 0.00 0.00 mywrite
I checked the code GCC produced (all code was compiled
with -O3, a very high level of optimization) and well, I'm not
sure I could have done much better, and probably would have done worse—GCC
inlined everything into do_dump() (with the exception
of main() and mywrite()), something I would
not have done in assembly (and have any hope of code reuse for
another project). So I think we're done with making this code fast.
That's not to say I won't do an assembly version of this program, but it probably won't be for the x86 line.
- Part 21: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, per line buffering
- Part 23: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, full buffering, lookup table
Double facepalm
R, who runs the Ft. Lauderdale Office of The Corporation, stopped by and informed me that we now have a source license to The Protocol Stack From Hell™.
WE HAVE A SOURCE LICENSE TO THE PROTOCOL STACK FROM HELL™!
It's about time.
Now I can figure out why I needed that mutex around a few calls.
At this point—I don't know what's worse, not knowing what's in the code, or knowing what's in the code.
Okay, curiosity got the better of me, and we all know what happens to curious cats. I could only be so lucky.
Let's see … K&R style code, standard vowel impairment, no comments—that I was expecting.
C89 style declarations a nice plus—I guess they needed to upate the code at some point in the past, but global variables all over the place? For a library?
![[Facepalm]](/2012/01/30/facepalm.jpg "Oh sweet Jesus")
No wonder I needed those mutexes all over the place.
And more unbelivably, the first file I took a look at wouldn't compile at all because the braces were mis-aligned! Further investigation of the code revealed twelve (12) such files!
![[Double facepalm: for when one facepalm doesn't cut it]](/2012/01/30/double-facepalm.jpg "Just ... just ...")
I don't even want to know how much was spent on this.
And no, this isn't some off version. No, this is the version we're using!
Sounds of a programmer dominated office
Yeah, this sounds about right for an office dominated by programmers (link via Reddit)
Tuesday, January 31, 2012
Rabid howler monkeys on crack wrote this code
Okay, yes, there are issues with the
code to The Protocol Stack From Hell™. There's the vowel impaired
names—oh, sorry, the vwl_imprd_nms, the usual ignoring return
codes and tons of global variables—sorry, glblvrbls littering
the code. And there's stuff like:
foo_t *p = NULL;
/* lots of code not touching p at all */
if (p) {
/* lots of code that will never be executed because */
/* p is always, *always* NULL at this point */
} else {
/* this code will always *always* be executed */
/* p is never touched otherwise */
}
/* p is still never used */
Yes. At one point p was probaby used, then a code change sometime during
the Clinton
Administration (late first term most likely) removed the need for
p but later code still checked it, so in order to keep the code
from crashing (during the last year of the Clinton Administration, most
likely) the “easiest fix that would work with minimal code changes because
we want to avoid a five day regression test” is to just NULL
out the variable where declared and call it a day.
Odder yet is the code that generates a string, checks to see if the generated string ends with two newline characters and then adds one or two newline characters if required (and yes, it checks for the first newline character, then the second) and further down in the code, it checks to see if the line has two newline characters and carefully removes them, one at a time.
Yes. The code adds two characters, only to remove them later on.
Again, I can see the requirements late during the Reagan Administration bumping up against the requirements during the early Bush 43 Adminstration and again, the easiest way to handle this is a local change that distrubs as little code as possible.
Although, there is one bit that does smack of rabid howler monkeys on crack taking a pass at the code, which I briefly mention in passing. It's basically the Poster Child™ for why certain C programmers should be taken out back behind the shed and disembowled with a grapefruit spoon.
Back then, I was tasked with modifying some code to log the Protocol
Stack From Hell™ errors via syslog(), and all I had to
work with was a C source file:
/* tons o' broilerplate text whereby we pledge our first born to feed the
* lawyers of The Protocol Stack From Hell™ */
void Stpd_Init_Fnctn(void)
{
MYSTERIOUS_ENTRY_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH();
/* modifications here */
MYSTERIOUS_EXIT_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH();
}
void Stpd_Lrm_Fnctn(lrm_t *ptr,int wat)
{
MYSTERIOUS_ENTRY_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH();
/* modifications here */
MYSTERIOUS_EXIT_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH();
}
/* Muahahahahahahahahahahahaha! */
/* [S/X thunder ] */
(No, seriously, each function starts and ends with
MYSTERIOUS_something_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH()) and an object file,
which the C code is linked against to produce the final program.
Okay, nothing that out of the ordinary. Only we weren't getting
the proper error messages from the lrm_t … thingy … we were
given. Some back and forth with The Protocol Stack From Hell™
Technical Support® and we had the final solution, and if you can read C
code, prepared to be horrified:
void Stpd_Lrm_Fnctn(lrm_t *prt,int wat)
{
char *msg;
MYSTERIOUS_ENTRY_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH();
msg = (char *)prt + sizeof(lrm_t);
syslog(LOG_WTF,"error: %s",msg);
MYSTERIOUS_EXIT_CODE_WE_CANT_TOUCH();
}
For those not fluent in C, let me translate: “you will receive a block
of memory called prt, which has a particular layout we
laughingly call lrm_t. Ignore the data there, but instead,
what you actually want lies just past the block of memory you received, into
an area that Standard C calls “undefined behavior.” Abandon all hope ye who
program here. And have a nice day.”
Then, I was horrified. Now, I get to see the code from “the other side” and “horrified” does not describe my reaction. “Running away, screaming in sheer madness of having peered deep into the Abyss” would be a bit closer, but still misses the mark. It goes something like this.
typedef struct {
/* data data data */ /* [1] */
} lrm_t;
typedef struct {
/* a mass of data */
arbitrary_size_t reserved[6]; /* [2] */
} msg_t;
void rnd_fnct(int wat)
{
/* don't worry, these are big enough */
char inbffr[256],tmpbffr[256],msgbffr[256]; /* [3] */
msg_t *msg;
lrm_t lrm,*plrm;
/* a bunch of code to receive an SS7 message and determine that the */
/* contents need to be logged, as it indicates an error */
msg = (msg_t *)inbffr;
frmt_rnd_msg(msgbffr,msg); /* we know how big the resulting buffer is */
/* okay, now for the real horror show */
memcpy(&lrm,msg->reserved,sizeof(lrm_t)); /* [4] */
/* No! Don't go into the basement! */
memcpy(tmpbffr,&lrm,sizeof(lrm_t)); /* [5] */
/* The call originated from inside the house! */
strcpy(&tmpbffr[sizeof(lrm_t)],msgbffr); /* [6] */
/* Aieeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee! stabbity stab stab */
Stpd_Lrm_Fnctn((lrm_t *)tmpbffr,wat); /* [7] */
}
And now for the play-by-play commentary on this horror show:
This describes the layout of the memory block we're given in
Stpd_Lrm_Fnctn(). It's not terribly big as structured memory goes, maybe around 60 or 70 bytes, but it primarily contains useless information as I found out.It's a slightly larger block of memory, but notice the last field,
reserved. A comment in the code says that this area is for “internal use only” and is around 24 bytes in size.Keep in mind—this field is only 24 bytes in size. The size of the block of memory we're given in
Stpd_Lrm_Fnctn()is around 60 or 70, which is larger than 24. 24 is smaller than 60 and 70. This is important.“256 bytes should be enough for anyone, right?”
This, on a system with gigabytes of memory.
This copies data out of the
reservedfield into a block of memory of typelrm_t. Refer back to note 2. Notice how we want to copy 60 or 70 bytes of information, but the field we're copying from is only 24 bytes. This, my friends, is known as “undefined behavior” in C.Only, this is air quotation marks okay air quotation marks because
msg_tis technically the air quotation marks header air quotation marks of a larger message and thus, we can air quotation marks safely air quotation marks copy memory past the end of the header.My thinking here—the error codes originally fit into the space set aside by
reservedbut grew over time, found out, but too much code relied on this situation, so they're stuck with it.Or, you know, rabid howler monkeys on crack.
I just hope that
lrm_tdoesn't ever exceed 256 bytes in size.I'm serious. I'm not making this up. The code actually uses
strcpy().strcpy()is bad because there is no checking to see if you have overrun the space set aside to receive the copied string.The use of this function should cause modern C compilers to bitch mightily and stop compilation right then and there, and send the programmer to jail, do not pass Go, do not collect $200.00. Especially if the programmers are rabid howler monkeys on crack.
This. Is. An. Ex. Function!
And now we call our function. Hope the error message, plus the
lrm_t, didn't exceed 256 bytes.
Rabid howler monkeys on crack.
I'm serious.
There aren't enough facepalms to do this code justice.
99 ways to program a hex, Part 23: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, full buffering, lookup table
- From
- Mark Grosberg <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- To
- Sean Conner <sean@conman.org>
- Subject
- Boston: Well, since you're in the land of non-portability …
- Date
- Sun, 29 Jan 2012 05:55:00
static void hexout(char *dest,unsigned long value,size_t size,const int padding) { assert(dest != NULL); assert(size > 0); assert((padding >= ' ') && (padding <= '~')); dest[size] = padding; while(size--) { dest[size] = (char)((value & 0x0F) + '0'); if (dest[size] > '9') dest[size] += 7; value >>= 4; } }You're also in the land of ASCII specificness. Couldn't you make that:
dest[size] = "0123456789ABCDEF"[value & 0x0f];And then not be tied to ASCII? You could also then switch out that array pointer if you wanted to get a mix of uppercase, lower case depending on what you need.
-MYG
I initially reject the idea of doing this. My reasoning? The code
itself is already non-portable, being restricted to a Posix-like system. So what's
one more non-portable item on the list? The sequence if (dest[size] >
'9') dest[size] += 7 is around six (for a lot of architectures that
aren't RISC
based) to twelve bytes (RISC systems) in size, and now you want to add an
additional 16 bytes? [He asks, working from a system
with a few gigabytes of RAM
—Editor] [Shut up! –Sean]. Also, in my nearly 30 years of
working with computers, I've yet to come across a non-ASCII based computer
system.
Yes, there are a few. Baudot code perhaps being the oldest and perhaps, the oddest one. Then there are the 6-bit character encoding schemes and Radix-50, which pack multiple 6-bit characters per “word” of storage (where a “word” could be 16, 18, 32, 36, 60 or 66 bits in size) and varied from system to system. And let's not forget EBCDIC, one of about six nearly identical, but maddendly different, encoding schemes developed by IBM. All of these were developed for machines in the 60s, but ASCII won out in the end, being the most widely used and at the core of Unicode.
So I asked on a mailing list of classic computer enthusiasts:
- From
- Sean Conner <spc@conman.org>
- To
- Classic Computer Talk <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- Subject
- C compilers and non-ASCII systems
- Date
- Tue, 31 Jan 2012 11:21:02 -0500
A friend recently raised an issue with some code I wrote (a hex dump routine) saying it depended upon ASCII and thus, would break on non-ASCII based systems (and proposed a solution, but that's beside the issue here). I wrote back, saying the code in question was non-portable to begin with (since it depended upon read() and write()—it was targetted at Posix based systems) and besides, I've never encountered a non-ASCII system in the nearly 30 years I've been using computers.
So now I'm wondering—besides Baudot, 6-bit BCD and EBCDIC, is there any other encoding scheme used? And of Baudot, 6-bit BCD and EBCDIC, are there any systems using those encoding schemes AND have a C compiler available?
-spc (Or can I safely assume ASCII and derivatives these days?)
I figure if anyone knew the answer, these people would (many of them not only use computers like the PDP-10, but use them as heaters during the winter months).
The answers were fascinating.
- From
- "Shoppa, Tim" <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- To
- Classic Computer Talk <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- Subject
- Re: C compilers and non-ASCII systems
- Date
- Tue, 31 Jan 2012 13:18:55 -0500
IBM has a very handy page on C compatibility with EBCDIC system services:
http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/features/unix/bpxa1p03.html
- From
- "Dave" <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- To
- Classic Computer Talk <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- Subject
- RE: C compilers and non-ASCII systems
- Date
- Tue, 31 Jan 2012 19:33:06 -0000
Please consider other character codes. An EBCDIC port of GCC is alive and well on several of the "legacy" operating systems (MVS, VM and Music) that run on the Hercules IBM 360/370/XA/390/z emulator. And whilst zLinux runs in ASCII (or whatever it uses to get more than 256 points in a code page) many zLinux sites also have the zVM hypervisor, which includes an optional EBCDIC C compiler. Having ported the BREXX interpreter to this environment I was stung by the fact that the original author had made assumptions about character ordering that are not true on an EBCDIC platform.
- From
- Phil Budne <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- To
- Classic Computer Talk <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- Subject
- Re: C compilers and non-ASCII systems
- Date
- Tue, 31 Jan 2012 13:00:52 -0500
See “IBM libascii functions for z/OS UNIX System Services”
http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/features/unix/libascii.html
- Overview
- The libascii functions are integrated into the base of the Language Environment. They help you port ASCII-based C applications to the EBCDIC-based z/OS UNIX environment.
- From
- Nemo <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- To
- Classic Computer Talk <XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>
- Subject
- Re: C compilers and non-ASCII systems
- Date
- Tue, 31 Jan 2012 13:32:06 -0500
z/OS is not only POSIX, it is UNIX (see
http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3470.htm).
Oh.
Well then …
I figure I would then try Mark's suggestion (and several other people on the mailing list suggested the same thing) and at least time the change to see if it's a worthwhile change for such odd-looking, but legal, C code.
/*************************************************************************
*
* Copyright 2012 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Comments, questions and criticisms can be sent to: sean@conman.org
*
*************************************************************************/
/* Style: C89, const correctness, assertive, system calls, full buffering */
/* lookup table */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define LINESIZE 16
/********************************************************************/
extern const char *sys_errlist[];
extern int sys_nerr;
static void do_dump (const int,const int);
static size_t dump_line (char **const,unsigned char *,size_t,const unsigned long);
static void hexout (char *const,unsigned long,size_t,const int);
static void myperror (const char *const);
static size_t myread (const int,char *,size_t);
static void mywrite (const int,const char *const,const size_t);
/********************************************************************/
int main(const int argc,const char *const argv[])
{
if (argc == 1)
do_dump(STDIN_FILENO,STDOUT_FILENO);
else
{
int i;
for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++)
{
int fhin;
fhin = open(argv[i],O_RDONLY);
if (fhin == -1)
{
myperror(argv[i]);
continue;
}
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----",5);
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,argv[i],strlen(argv[i]));
mywrite(STDOUT_FILENO,"-----\n",6);
do_dump(fhin,STDOUT_FILENO);
if (close(fhin) < 0)
myperror(argv[i]);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/************************************************************************/
static void do_dump(const int fhin,const int fhout)
{
unsigned char buffer[4096];
char outbuffer[75 * 109];
char *pout;
unsigned long off;
size_t bytes;
size_t count;
assert(fhin >= 0);
assert(fhout >= 0);
memset(outbuffer,' ',sizeof(outbuffer));
off = 0;
count = 0;
pout = outbuffer;
while((bytes = myread(fhin,(char *)buffer,sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
{
unsigned char *p = buffer;
for (p = buffer ; bytes > 0 ; )
{
size_t amount;
amount = dump_line(&pout,p,bytes,off);
p += amount;
bytes -= amount;
off += amount;
count++;
if (count == 109)
{
mywrite(fhout,outbuffer,(size_t)(pout - outbuffer));
memset(outbuffer,' ',sizeof(outbuffer));
count = 0;
pout = outbuffer;
}
}
}
if ((size_t)(pout - outbuffer) > 0)
mywrite(fhout,outbuffer,(size_t)(pout - outbuffer));
}
/********************************************************************/
static size_t dump_line(
char **const pline,
unsigned char *p,
size_t bytes,
const unsigned long off
)
{
char *line;
char *dh;
char *da;
size_t count;
assert(pline != NULL);
assert(*pline != NULL);
assert(p != NULL);
assert(bytes > 0);
line = *pline;
hexout(line,off,8,':');
if (bytes > LINESIZE)
bytes = LINESIZE;
p += bytes;
dh = &line[10 + bytes * 3];
da = &line[58 + bytes];
for (count = 0 ; count < bytes ; count++)
{
p --;
da --;
dh -= 3;
if ((*p >= ' ') && (*p <= '~'))
*da = *p;
else
*da = '.';
hexout(dh,(unsigned long)*p,2,' ');
}
line[58 + count] = '\n';
*pline = &line[59 + count];
return count;
}
/**********************************************************************/
static void hexout(char *const dest,unsigned long value,size_t size,const int padding)
{
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
assert((padding >= ' ') && (padding <= '~'));
dest[size] = padding;
while(size--)
{
dest[size] = "0123456789ABCDEF"[value & 0x0f];
value >>= 4;
}
}
/************************************************************************/
static void myperror(const char *const s)
{
int err = errno;
assert(s != NULL);
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,s,strlen(s));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,": ",2);
if (err > sys_nerr)
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"(unknown)",9);
else
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,sys_errlist[err],strlen(sys_errlist[err]));
mywrite(STDERR_FILENO,"\n",1);
}
/************************************************************************/
static size_t myread(const int fh,char *buf,size_t size)
{
size_t amount = 0;
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(buf != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
while(size > 0)
{
ssize_t bytes;
bytes = read(fh,buf,size);
if (bytes < 0)
{
myperror("read()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (bytes == 0)
break;
amount += bytes;
size -= bytes;
buf += bytes;
}
return amount;
}
/*********************************************************************/
static void mywrite(const int fh,const char *const msg,const size_t size)
{
assert(fh >= 0);
assert(msg != NULL);
assert(size > 0);
if (write(fh,msg,size) < (ssize_t)size)
{
if (fh != STDERR_FILENO)
myperror("output");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
/***********************************************************************/
It can't be that much faster, can it?
[spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./22 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m0.468s user 0m0.450s sys 0m0.018s [spc]lucy:~/projects/99/src>time ./23 ~/bin/firefox/libxul.so >/dev/null real 0m0.257s user 0m0.245s sys 0m0.012s
Almost twice as fast as what I thought was the fastest version already.
Ouch.
Several people (including Mark) mentioned that on modern CPUs, a branch instruction is like hitting a brick wall.
Yes, it's quite apparent that that is true.
But this does give me an idea for removing one more brick wall
branch point …
![[The future's so bright, I gotta wear shades]](https://www.conman.org/people/spc/about/2023/1023.t.jpg "The future's so bright, I gotta wear shades")